Codex Glossary

The process by which a recognised authority formally acknowledges that a certification body is competent to perform specific certification activities. In India, NABCB accredits CBs under the Quality Council of India.

India's official agricultural product grading and marking scheme under the Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act 1937. Certifies that a product meets defined grade standards.

Data integrity principles for pharmaceutical GMP: Attributable, Legible, Contemporaneous, Original, Accurate — plus Complete, Consistent, Enduring, Available.

The statutory body under India's Ministry of Commerce overseeing exports of scheduled agricultural products. RCMC registration is mandatory before the first export.

A register of suppliers who have been evaluated and approved to supply materials or services. Required by BRCGS, ISO 22000, SA8000, and most QMS standards. Reviewed and updated on a risk-based schedule.

A structured process for ensuring a product satisfies the customer from concept to production launch. One of the five automotive core tools required by IATF 16949.

A conclusion reached during an audit based on objective evidence. May be classified as a major nonconformance, minor nonconformance, or observation.

The set of planned audits covering a specific time period. ISO 9001 requires an annual audit programme covering the entire QMS scope.

REACH Annex XIV — substances requiring formal EU authorisation before use. Separate from the SVHC candidate list.

A class of synthetic dyes restricted under GOTS because certain azo dyes can release carcinogenic aromatic amines. GOTS prohibits their use in certified production.

A documented starting point against which improvement is measured. Required in ISO 50001 (energy), Six Sigma (defect rate), and BRSR (environmental data).

A complete, contemporaneous record for every pharmaceutical or Ayurvedic production batch. Records materials, quantities, equipment, operators, and in-process results.

The tiered professional certification for Six Sigma: Yellow Belt, Green Belt, Black Belt, Master Black Belt. Issued by ASQ or IASSC.

India's national standards body. Issues Indian Standards (IS numbers) and administers the ISI mark product certification scheme under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs.

Input Tax Credit that cannot be claimed under GST. Includes ITC on personal consumption, motor vehicles (with exceptions), food and beverages, and certain other expenses listed under Section 17(5) of the CGST Act.

A structured list of all components, materials, and quantities required to manufacture a product. Used in RoHS and REACH substance compliance assessment.

In Clicarity, a stage where jobs accumulate and wait — visible as jobs stuck at a stage for longer than expected. Identifying bottlenecks is a core function of the Clicarity platform.

The food safety certification required by most major UK supermarkets. Sites graded A to D. Unannounced audits available. Includes rigorous allergen management and 4-hour traceability requirements.

India's mandatory sustainability disclosure for listed companies under SEBI LODR. Replaced BRR from FY 2022-23. Structured around nine NGRBC principles.

A subset of BRSR indicators requiring third-party assurance. Mandatory with reasonable assurance for the top 150 listed companies from FY 2023-24, being progressively extended.

Corrective action: eliminates the cause of an identified nonconformance. Preventive action: eliminates the potential cause. Required by ISO 9001, GMP, ISO 13485.

An organisation that assesses and issues management system certificates. Must be NABCB-accredited in India. IATF 16949 requires IATF-sanctioned CBs specifically.

A production step where a control measure must be applied to prevent or reduce a food safety hazard to an acceptable level. Each CCP has a critical limit, monitoring procedure, and corrective action.

India's central drug and medical device regulatory authority. Issues manufacturing licences and regulates medical devices under MDR 2017.

A mandatory conformity mark required for regulated products in the EU, EEA, and Northern Ireland. Self-declared by the manufacturer against applicable EU Directives. Technical file retained for 10 years.

A document from a supplier confirming that a batch of raw material or product meets defined specifications. Required in GMP for every raw material before use.

A formal process for managing changes to processes, products, or systems. Required by GMP, ISO 27001, ISO 13485, and ITIL change enablement. Prevents unauthorised changes from causing quality or security incidents.

India's major industry body. Administers the CII-EXIM Business Excellence Award (TQM), the CII Institute of Quality, and the GreenPro eco-label programme.

A process improvement framework with five maturity levels. Level 3 (Defined) is the minimum for most government IT contracts. Appraised by ISACA-registered Lead Appraisers.

The demonstrated ability to apply knowledge and skills to achieve intended results. ISO 9001 clause 7.2 requires documented evidence of competence for all quality-affecting roles — training attendance alone is not sufficient.

Under India's DPDP Act 2023, the legal basis for processing most personal data. Must be free, specific, informed, unconditional, and unambiguous. Must be as easy to withdraw as to give.

A recurring activity to increase the ability to fulfil requirements. A core principle of ISO 9001, TQM, Lean, and all ISO management system standards. Different from 'continuous improvement' which implies an uninterrupted process.

A document describing process controls used to minimise product variation. Required by IATF 16949. Lists characteristics, measurement methods, control methods, and reaction plans.

The Conformity Assessment portal at bis.gov.in through which manufacturers apply for BIS Standard Mark licences directly, without agents.

An ITIL practice focused on systematically improving IT services. Structured cycle: identify opportunity, agree priority, plan, implement, measure results, embed.

Mandatory additions to IATF 16949 published by each OEM and Tier 1. Must be reviewed and implemented for every automotive customer. Verified at every IATF 16949 audit.

A core principle of ISO 9001 and TQM: quality is defined by what the customer needs. Customer requirements must be understood, and customer satisfaction measured and acted upon.

Under India's DPDP Act 2023, any person or organisation that determines the purpose and means of processing personal data.

Under India's DPDP Act 2023, the individual whose personal data is being processed. Has rights to access, correct, erase, and raise grievances.

Central technical authority providing guidance on factory safety and occupational health under India's Ministry of Labour. Technical advisor for Factories Act compliance.

Documentation of the design and development process for a medical device. Required by ISO 13485 where the manufacturer has design responsibility.

A complete, traceable record for every manufactured batch of a medical device. Required by ISO 13485. The most scrutinised document in a medical device QMS audit.

The core Six Sigma improvement methodology: Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control. Applied to existing processes to reduce defects and variation.

The government body under India's Ministry of Agriculture that administers AGMARK certification. Sets agricultural product grade standards and certifies compliance.

The adjudicatory body under India's DPDP Act 2023. Hears complaints and imposes penalties for non-compliance.

India's comprehensive data privacy law enacted August 2023. Applies to all organisations processing personal data of Indians. Penalties up to ₹250 crore per instance of non-compliance.

A quality metric: number of defects per one million opportunities. A Six Sigma process achieves no more than 3.4 DPMO.

Mandatory under GST for businesses above ₹5 crore annual turnover. All B2B invoices must be registered on the Invoice Registration Portal (IRP) to obtain an IRN before sharing with customers.

An electronic document required under GST for goods movement above a defined value threshold. Generated at ewaybill.nic.in before despatch.

EU agency administering REACH. Maintains the SVHC candidate list. Updates twice yearly (January and July).

EU Directive 2014/30/EU on electromagnetic compatibility. Applies to equipment that could cause electromagnetic disturbance. One of the most common directives for CE marking of electrical products.

A requirement of ISO 14001 (Clause 8.2) and ISO 45001 (Clause 8.2) to plan for and respond to potential emergency situations. Written procedures and annual drills with records required.

A systematic framework for managing energy consumption. ISO 50001 provides the international standard for EnMS.

A metric tracking whether energy performance is improving. Must be normalised to production output. Required by ISO 50001.

Any element of an organisation's activities, products, or services that can interact with the environment. ISO 14001 requires identification and significance assessment of all environmental aspects.

India's statutory body managing employee provident fund. PF registration mandatory for establishments with 20 or more employees. PF deductions and contributions must be remitted by the 15th of each month.

A framework for assessing non-financial performance. Used by investors, rating agencies, and buyers. BRSR is India's regulatory ESG disclosure framework.

India's statutory body for employee state insurance. ESI registration mandatory for establishments with 10 or more employees (in applicable states). Provides medical and other benefits to insured employees.

The Ethical Trading Initiative's nine labour standards. Used by many UK buyers. Not a certification — a set of principles for supply chain auditing.

India's central legislation governing factory conditions. Mandatory for factories with 10+ power-using workers or 20+ non-power workers. Covers licences, working hours, safety, and welfare.

An inspection of the first piece produced in a production run, before bulk production begins. Confirms the process is set up correctly. Required by IATF 16949 control plans.

A systematic method for identifying potential failure modes, their effects, and controls. Required by IATF 16949 (AIAG-VDA 2019). Used in ISO 13485 risk management and HACCP hazard analysis.

India's apex food safety regulator. All commercial food businesses must hold a valid FSSAI licence or registration under the Food Safety and Standards Act 2006.

ISO 22000 + sector ISO/TS + FSSC additional requirements. GFSI-benchmarked. More demanding than ISO 22000 alone. Required by many FMCG buyers.

A certificate confirming that a consignment has been fumigated. Required by many importing countries for grains, dried fruits, and wooden packaging.

An assessment of current practices against a standard's requirements. The starting point for any certification programme. Identifies what is in place and what needs to be built.

Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility — a measurement system analysis study. Part of MSA (one of the five IATF 16949 core tools). Determines whether measurement variation is acceptable relative to process variation.

Industry initiative benchmarking food safety standards. BRCGS and FSSC 22000 are GFSI-benchmarked — indicating recognised equivalence for supply chain compliance.

Greenhouse gas emissions classified as Scope 1 (direct), Scope 2 (purchased electricity), or Scope 3 (value chain). Required disclosures in BRSR and ESG reporting.

Minimum standards for manufacturing drugs and pharmaceutical products. Defined by Schedule M of India's Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 (revised 2023). A condition of every drug manufacturing licence.

An international standard requiring organic fibre origin, processing without prohibited chemicals, and fair labour conditions. Every supply chain stage must be GOTS-certified with transaction certificates.

India's national eco-label for products, administered by CII-ITC CESD. Certifies a specific product meets environmental criteria across its life cycle. Recognised in IGBC green building ratings.

A formal process through which employees or workers can raise concerns, complaints, or issues. Required by SA8000 Element 9, ISO 45001, and India's labour laws. Workers must be aware of it and able to access it without fear of retaliation.

The GST return for outward supplies. Filed monthly by the 11th (or quarterly under QRMP). Lists all B2B invoices with buyer GSTIN, B2C aggregates, and debit/credit notes.

An auto-generated ITC statement from suppliers' GSTR-1 filings. Maximum ITC claimable in GSTR-3B. Reconciliation before filing is the single most important step to prevent GST notices.

Monthly summary return and tax payment. Due by 20th of the following month. Interest at 18% per annum from the due date on unpaid tax.

Annual GST return reconciling all monthly filings for a financial year. Due by 31 December. GSTR-9C (reconciliation statement) required for businesses above ₹5 crore turnover.

A preventive food safety system based on 7 Codex Alimentarius principles. Identifies CCPs in food production where hazards must be controlled. Foundation for ISO 22000, BRCGS, and FSSC 22000.

European EN standards published in the EU Official Journal. Products tested against harmonised standards have a presumption of conformity with the associated EU Directive.

A documented assessment of all workplace hazards, their risk levels, and the controls in place. Required by ISO 45001. Must be updated when processes, equipment, or working conditions change.

The common framework (Annex SL) shared by ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 45001, ISO 27001, and ISO 50001. Makes integration of multiple standards more efficient.

The peak body for accreditation. IAF MLA ensures cross-border recognition of certificates. The IAF global certified organisations register can verify any ISO certificate.

The body publishing and maintaining IATF 16949. Only IATF-sanctioned CBs can certify IATF 16949.

Automotive quality management standard. Supplements ISO 9001:2015. Requires APQP, PPAP, FMEA, Control Plans, MSA, SPC, and compliance with Customer-Specific Requirements.

Mandatory under India's POSH Act 2013 for all organisations with 10+ employees. Must include an external member. Annual report filed with the District Officer.

A 10-digit code from DGFT. Mandatory prerequisite for APEDA RCMC and all export activity.

Industry body promoting green buildings in India. GreenPro eco-label is recognised in IGBC building rating systems.

ILAC Mutual Recognition Arrangement — the framework ensuring that test reports from accredited laboratories are recognised internationally. CE marking tests must be from ILAC MRA-recognised accredited labs.

A structured initiative targeting a specific quality, environmental, safety, or efficiency metric. DMAIC is the Six Sigma improvement methodology. CSI is the ITIL improvement practice.

A planned, documented evaluation of whether a management system conforms to requirements and is effectively implemented. Required by all ISO management system standards. Must be independent of the area being audited.

A unique number generated by the Invoice Registration Portal (IRP) for each e-invoice. Mandatory for B2B transactions for businesses above ₹5 crore turnover under GST.

International organisation administering the CMMI programme and professional certifications including CISA, CISM, and CRISC. ISACA-registered Lead Appraisers conduct CMMI SCAMPI A appraisals.

The common name for India's BIS Standard Mark. Mandatory for 500+ regulated product categories.

International QMS standard for medical device manufacturers. Requires DHR, DHF, risk management (ISO 14971), UDI, and post-market surveillance. More rigorous than ISO 9001.

International standard for Environmental Management Systems (2015). Requires environmental aspects register, legal compliance register, objectives, and monitoring data.

International standard for risk management of medical devices. Required by ISO 13485. Covers hazard identification, risk estimation, controls, and residual risk assessment.

International Food Safety Management System standard. Combines HACCP with ISO management system structure. Foundation for FSSC 22000.

International Information Security Management System standard (2022). 93 Annex A controls. Mandatory SoA. Most widely recognised ISMS standard internationally.

International Occupational Health and Safety Management System standard (2018). Replaced OHSAS 18001 (withdrawn March 2021). Worker participation mandatory.

International Energy Management System standard (2018). Requires energy baseline, SEU identification, EnPI tracking, and action plans.

International Quality Management System standard. Current version 2015. Over 1 million certified organisations globally. Requires documented procedures, monitoring, and continual improvement.

GST credit available for tax paid on purchases. Must be reconciled against GSTR-2B before claiming. Excess ITC claims are the most common GST notice trigger.

The world's most adopted IT service management framework. Current version ITIL 4 (2019). Not regulatory — professional framework and certification (ITIL 4 Foundation via PeopleCert).

In Clicarity, a unit of work that moves through defined stages. Captures custom data at every stage. Can split into sub-jobs and rejoin as one complete job with full history preserved.

When split sub-jobs merge back into a single job in Clicarity. The complete history, data, and sign-offs from every sub-job branch are preserved in the rejoined job record.

When a single Clicarity job divides into two or more sub-jobs, each tracked independently. Sub-jobs numbered with suffix (e.g. #1104-A, #1104-B). Common when one order produces multiple variants.

Japanese: continuous improvement. Short, focused improvement events targeting a specific process step. The operational expression of TQM's continuous improvement principle.

In ITIL problem management, a problem that has a documented root cause and a workaround. Entered in the known error database (KEDB) to speed future incident resolution.

A measurable metric for evaluating success of an objective. ISO 9001 requires quality objectives to be measurable and tracked through defined KPIs.

The specific sustainability claim printed on a product label. GOTS Grade 1 label: 'GOTS — certified organic'. GOTS Grade 2: 'made with X% organic materials'. Each grade has a minimum organic content threshold.

ISACA-registered professional authorised to conduct SCAMPI A appraisals. Must be verified at cmmiinstitute.com. An unregistered appraiser cannot produce a valid CMMI rating.

A philosophy derived from the Toyota Production System focused on eliminating 8 types of waste. Combined with Six Sigma as Lean Six Sigma.

A document listing all applicable laws, regulations, and permits relevant to an organisation's operations, with evidence of compliance. Required by ISO 14001 and ISO 45001.

The consecutive and interlinked stages of a product from raw material acquisition to end-of-life disposal. ISO 14001 (2015) introduced a life cycle perspective. GreenPro assesses products across their life cycle.

SEBI's regulations for listed companies. BRSR reporting mandatory for top 1000 listed companies under LODR from FY 2022-23.

Safety metric: number of lost-time injuries per million hours worked. Reported in BRSR social indicators and ISO 45001 performance monitoring.

A person within an organisation assigned responsibility for ensuring the management system is established, implemented, and maintained. Interfaces with external auditors and reports to top management.

A formal periodic review of the QMS by top management. Required by all ISO management system standards. Must produce documented outputs including resource decisions.

India's Medical Devices Rules under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act. Classifies devices A to D by risk. Manufacturing licences for Class B and above require a QMS.

The legally prescribed minimum wage for workers. Compliance verified by SA8000 auditors through payroll records. Working below minimum wage is an SA8000 major finding.

Analysis of measurement system variation. Includes Gauge R&R studies. Required by IATF 16949 as one of the five core tools.

Average time from incident detection to incident resolution. A key ITSM performance metric tracked in ITIL service level management.

India's national accreditation body for CBs under the Quality Council of India. Required accreditation for ISO 9001, 14001, 45001, 27001 CBs in India.

India's national accreditation body for testing and calibration laboratories under QCI. NABL accreditation is required for laboratories used in BIS product testing, APEDA export testing, and CE marking.

New Approach Notified and Designated Organisations — European Commission database of Notified Bodies. The definitive source for verifying Notified Body credentials for CE marking.

India's Ministry of Corporate Affairs framework for responsible business. Nine principles form the structural basis of BRSR reporting.

A deviation from a stated requirement. Major NC: complete absence or system breakdown. Minor NC: isolated failure. Both require CAPA with verified closure.

A conformity assessment organisation designated by an EU member state to assess higher-risk products for CE marking. Listed in the NANDO database.

Under India's Factories Act 1948, the person in ultimate control of the factory. Both the occupier and the manager are personally liable for Act violations.

OEKO-TEX STANDARD 100 certifies that a specific textile article has been tested and found free from harmful substance levels. Four product classes, with Class I (babies) having the strictest limits.

Former British Standard for OH&S management. Fully withdrawn March 2021. Replaced by ISO 45001:2018. Any OHSAS 18001 certificate is no longer valid.

Training conducted at the actual workplace. IATF 16949 Clause 7.2.2 requires a documented OJT process. Records must show operators were trained and assessed before independent operation.

A food safety control measure in ISO 22000 and FSSC 22000. Manages food safety risks that are significant but do not meet the CCP criteria.

The percentage of organic fibre in a textile product. GOTS Grade 1 requires minimum 95% organic content. GOTS Grade 2 requires minimum 70%.

Deming's fundamental improvement cycle. The basis for ISO 9001's process approach and TQM's continuous improvement principle.

A formal documented system used to control hazardous work (electrical maintenance, confined space entry, hot work). Required under ISO 45001 safe work procedures.

A certificate from India's PPQS confirming a plant or plant product consignment is free from regulated pests. Required by most importing countries for agricultural exports.

India's mandatory legislation for all organisations with 10+ employees. Requires ICC, written policy, and annual report filed with the District Officer.

A formal customer approval process before production begins. Includes design records, FMEA, control plan, MSA, and initial process capability. One of the five IATF 16949 core tools.

India's National Plant Protection Organisation under the Ministry of Agriculture. Issues phytosanitary certificates for export of plant and plant products.

Operational conditions supporting safe food production. Includes facility hygiene, pest control, supplier management, and personal hygiene. Required by ISO 22000 as the foundation before HACCP analysis.

India's apex quality body. NABCB (certification bodies) and NABL (testing laboratories) operate under QCI.

The totality of policies, procedures, processes, and records required to implement quality management. ISO 9001 is the international standard.

Mandatory APEDA registration for exporters of scheduled agricultural products. Renewed annually. Required before the first export shipment.

Comprehensive EU chemicals regulation EC 1907/2006. Key obligation for manufacturers: SVHC candidate list — articles containing SVHCs above 0.1% must be notified to customers and registered in SCIP.

The risk remaining after controls have been implemented. Under ISO 14971, residual risk must be assessed for acceptability and communicated to users through labelling and instructions.

A systematic process of identifying hazards, estimating the likelihood and severity of harm, and determining appropriate controls. Required by ISO 45001 (workplace hazards), ISO 13485 (ISO 14971), ISO 27001 (information assets), and ISO 14001 (environmental aspects).

EU Directive 2011/65/EU restricting 10 substances in EEE, including lead, mercury, cadmium, and phthalates. Threshold: 0.1% by weight in homogeneous material (0.01% for cadmium).

The maximum tolerable period of data loss measured in time. Defines how frequently backups must be taken. A core parameter in IT business continuity planning.

The maximum tolerable downtime before systems must be restored following a disaster. Defined and tested in IT business continuity plans.

A social accountability standard from SAI covering nine worker rights requirements. Required by many European and US supply chains. Audits include private worker interviews without management present.

Owner of the SA8000 standard. SA8000 certification issued by SAI-accredited CBs. Certified facility database at sa-intl.org.

The formal CMMI appraisal method for official maturity ratings. Conducted by ISACA-registered Lead Appraisers. Results published in ISACA's PARS database.

The GMP schedule of India's Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940. Defines facility, documentation, and process standards for pharmaceutical manufacturers. Revised 2023 to align with WHO GMP.

EU ECHA waste database. Registration required for articles containing SVHCs above 0.1% sold in the EU.

India's securities regulator. Administers BRSR reporting requirements under LODR.

A team responsible for defining, maintaining, and improving an organisation's standard software engineering processes. Required for CMMI Level 3.

A process, equipment, or system accounting for a substantial proportion of energy consumption. Action plans required for all SEUs under ISO 50001.

A data-driven process improvement methodology targeting no more than 3.4 DPMO. Uses DMAIC for improvement. Belt certification through ASQ or IASSC.

A document mapping each employee's current competence against the skills required for their role. Required by ISO 9001 cl. 7.2. Training attendance is not sufficient — post-training assessment required.

A formal agreement between IT and business stakeholders defining acceptable service performance targets. Incident resolution times (P1, P2, P3) are typical SLA metrics in ITIL service level management.

A shared social compliance audit format used by UK and European buyers. Not a certification. Different from SA8000. Confirm which your buyer requires.

Mandatory ISO 27001 document listing all 93 Annex A controls with applicability, implementation status, and exclusion justifications. First document an ISO 27001 auditor requests.

An attestation report from a licensed US CPA firm on service organisation controls. Type II covers 12-month operating effectiveness. Required by US enterprise buyers.

A written, approved, version-controlled procedure for a specific task. Required by ISO 9001, GMP, HACCP, IATF 16949, and ISO 27001.

Use of statistical methods to monitor and control a process. Control charts identify when a process goes out of statistical control. One of five IATF 16949 core tools.

India's state-level environmental authority issuing Consent to Operate. ISO 14001 auditors verify all SPCB consents are current on Day 1 of the audit.

In Clicarity, a component of a split job. Each sub-job is tracked independently through stages with its own data, operator records, and sign-offs. Sub-jobs are numbered with a letter suffix.

The process of assessing and approving suppliers against defined criteria before they are added to an approved supplier list. Risk-based: higher-risk suppliers evaluated more rigorously and more frequently.

An audit conducted by a CB between initial certification and re-certification to verify ongoing compliance. Typically annual. For BRCGS, can be unannounced.

Substances on ECHA's REACH candidate list. Articles containing SVHCs above 0.1% by weight require customer notification and SCIP registration. List updated twice yearly.

In GOTS, a document required for every sale of certified material. Documents quantity, product type, grade, and chain of custody.

International framework for climate-related financial risk disclosure. Increasingly integrated into BRSR and ESG reporting in India.

A management philosophy where quality is everyone's responsibility, defined by customer requirements, and continuously improved through data. The foundation for ISO 9001, Six Sigma, and Lean.

The ability to identify and follow the history, application, or location of an item. Required by HACCP (batch-to-ingredient), BRCGS (4-hour trace), ISO 13485 (device-to-raw-material), and GOTS (fibre-to-product).

AICPA framework for SOC 2. Five criteria: Security (mandatory), Availability, Confidentiality, Processing Integrity, Privacy.

A unique code assigned to a medical device. Required in EU (EUDAMED) and US (FDA UDI database). Must be traceable to the Device History Record.

UK conformity mark for products sold in Great Britain post-Brexit. Separate from CE marking. Required for England, Scotland, and Wales.

All the actions (both value-adding and non-value-adding) required to bring a product from raw material to customer. Value stream mapping is a Lean tool for identifying waste.

The process of managing changes to documents by assigning version numbers and recording change history. Required for all controlled documents under ISO 9001, GMP, and ISO 27001.

Organic chemicals that evaporate at room temperature. Regulated as environmental aspects under ISO 14001. Restricted in certain products under EU REACH.

A Clicarity feature capturing material loss at every production stage and split point. Creates a complete yield record from raw material to finished product.

WHO Technical Report Series guidance on GMP for pharmaceutical products (TRS 986 Annex 2). Required for export to regulated markets and UN procurement. Basis for India's revised Schedule M (2023).

A mandatory requirement of ISO 45001 Clause 5.4. Workers must be consulted and involved in OH&S decision-making. Verified through safety committee records and direct worker interviews.

Under India's Factories Act 1948: maximum 9 hours per day and 48 hours per week for adult workers. SA8000 requires compliance with working time laws in the country of operation. Excessive overtime is the most common SA8000 major finding.

Entry-level Six Sigma certification demonstrating awareness of DMAIC concepts. Team member level — not a project leader. Available through ASQ and IASSC.

Philip Crosby's quality performance standard: doing work right the first time, every time. Philosophical basis for defect prevention vs detection. Part of TQM heritage.